REJECTED BY TIE

27
Dear reader - the following is the TIE paper FINALLY published.  Still a few glitches in the download of this but the most of it's here.  Please note - this is authored by R.A Ainslie, H.W Gramm, G.A Lettenmaier, A.Palise, A. Gardiner, D Martin, S. Windisch.  IT HAS NOT BEEN PUBLISHED BY TIE and I am simply referencing it here as the work done by Open Source.

As a reminder it is the work of collaborators and in terms of copyright pertaining to a collaboration ALL authers are entitled to use, publish or distribute this work individually, as they require.  In the event that anyone get financial rewards for publishing then those rewards must be shared.  And a further reminder - I'm therefore legally permitted to publish this here on my blog just in case Harvey or Glenn again try and get this removed by unreasonable claims of plagiarism.

Kindest regards,
Rosemary

Evaluation of power transients generated to           improve performance coefficient of resistive                               heating systems

Abstract— This experiment is designed to test the predictions of a thesis that determines material hidden properties of charge in circuit components. A MOSFET switching circuit is applied in series with an inductive resistive load and an interactively tuned duty cycle on the gate then enables an aperiodic, self oscillating frequency. Subject to overlying harmonics this is seen to improve the circuit’s coefficient of performance above four. The thesis proposes that this level of efficiency is due to the induced transients where the resultant current flow emanates from the circuit components.  It is proposed that these have an alternate material source of charge to that of the supply. This energy is further proposed to be the source of the anomalous heat signatures as the circuit components enable this charge flow through the battery supply thereby also enabling a conservation of charge.

 Index Terms— Transient analysis, Heating, MOSFET circuits, Resistive circuits

I.    Introduction

THE following tests were designed to evaluate a thesis  that predicted anomalous heat signatures on an inductive resistor placed in series with a switching circuit. The thesis is developed from a non classical magnetic field model but a full description of this falls outside the scope of this submission.  What is pertinent here is some overview of that thesis as it applies to current flow. The following paragraph is intended as a broad brushstroke description of this and is further clarified as described in the Appendix I.

The model proposes that charge has the property of mass with the material properties of velocities and thermal capacities associated with that mass.  These particles do not conform to the standard model and remain hidden within three dimensional solid or liquid objects or amalgams.  They are extraneous to the atom itself and only interact with the atomic energy levels that, in turn, comprise independent fields of the same fundamental particle. These extraneous fields are responsible for the bound condition of the amalgam. This interaction between the fields and the atoms’ energy levels results in a balanced distribution of charge throughout the amalgam. Measurable voltage reflects a transitional state of imbalance throughout these binding fields that, subject to circuit conditions, then move that charge through available conductive and inductive paths to reestablish a charge balance. In effect the circuit components that enable the flow of charge from a supply source are, themselves able to generate a flow of current depending on the strength of that applied potential difference and the material properties of the circuit components. Therefore both inductive and conductive circuit components have a potential to generate current flow in line with Inductive Laws.

Classical assumption requires an equivalence in the transfer of electric energy based as it is on the concept of a single supply source. Therefore voltage measured away from the supply on circuit components is seen to be stored energy delivered during closed circuit conditions of a switching cycle. The distinction is drawn that if indeed, the circuit components are themselves able to generate a current flow from potential gradients, then under open circuit conditions, that energy may be added to the sum of the energy on the circuit thereby exceeding the limit of energy available from the supply. Therefore if more energy is measured to be dissipated at a load than is delivered by the supply, then that evidence will be consistent with this thesis.  The experimental evidence does indeed, conform to this prediction.

This submission details the experimental apparatus, the applied measurements protocol and the data from a test that is designed to adequately assess the data as it relates to the thesis. It is considered that this submission of the experimental results will allow a wide dissemination both of the experiment and some consideration of questions relating to these anomalies, as being preferred and required.

The circuit is designed to enable a secondary, current flow that is induced from the collapsing fields over the resistor during the ‘off’ period of the duty cycle as a result of counter electromotive force (CEMF). This induces a flow of current in anti phase to the initial current from the source and this is seen to return to the battery supply source to recharge it.  The performance coefficient is enhanced through an applied duty cycle that allows the circuit components to oscillate at a naturally recurring frequency.   This is referred to herein, as a preferred mode of oscillation which, in turn, results in an aperiodic, self-regulated, resonating frequency.  Distinctive harmonics are evident in the waveform and these are seen to be a required condition to the circuit’s enhanced performance as it relates to the efficiency of the recharge cycle over the battery. However the precise parameters of the duty cycle, determined by adjustment of the potentiometer at the gate of the MOSFET transistor, are found to be both critical and elusive.

The fact that these benefits to an enhanced coefficient may have been overlooked under usual applications can be attributed to the narrowness of the range required for this setting. Under usual applications such aperiodicity is considered undesirable and therefore systematically factored out of standard switched applications.  

Also included is a discussion on ‘meshed currents’ that are evident and a detailed account of the data analysis that was applied to all measurements.

A series of related tests are appended that variously record the progress of the applied test parameters and the improved methods of measurements as the knowledge of the application unfolded. This schedule includes an evaluation of the inductance required on the load resistor to optimize the effect, as well as an evaluation of the comparative diameters of that resistor to determine optimized conditions. Other tests include the measurements that were performed to address a variety of concerns including grounding problems, voltage differentials and applied high frequencies without the required harmonics.  These have been appended, together with an overview of the thesis relating to this effect, for both purposes of record and to afford a fuller evaluation as required.

The test that is described herein has results that appear to be consistent with the predictions of that thesis. The returning current from CEMF is seen to reduce the battery discharge rate while sustaining a higher level of energy dissipated at the load. This has a resulting advantage to the coefficient of performance. Indeed, the actual measurements indicate a potential for an absolute conservation of charge at the supply. The conclusions to the tests include a broad discussion of the potential of this technology and indicate a need for expert evaluation of both the results and the theoretical paradigms that predicted the results.

II.    Experiment

A.    Description

The experiment described herein is one example taken from more than 14 individual tests. All of the tests demonstrate various aspects of the preferred operation as well as exposing specific characteristics that relate to the circuit being evaluated. The test that is chosen for full description is shown to comply with a required and stringent measurement analysis as the standards of testing progressed throughout the test period.

The positive terminal of a 24 volt battery bank is applied in series with a 10 Ohm wire wound inductive resistive load, an N-Channel Power MOSFET [1] (Q1) Fig. 1, and a 0.25 Ohm shunt resistor (R2) Fig. 1. A separate 12 volt battery supplies a 555 (U1) Fig. 1 switching circuit which is capable of variable duty cycles and frequency adjustments. Q1 was chosen with an

Fig. 1.  MOSFET Heater Circuit – R7 and R4 is for duty cycle adjustment. R1 is for adjusting to preferred mode of oscillation

avalanche protection body diode [2] feature that enables conventional reverse current flow during the off period of the duty cycle and protects against high voltage CEMF.

U1 drives the gate [3] of Q1 directly through a precision variable resistor (R1) Fig. 1. Specific adjustment of R1 and the variable resistors R4, and R7 shown in Fig. 1 enables a preferred mode of oscillation that overrides the predetermined frequency and duty cycle. The fundamental and harmonic waveforms that result vary greatly from one cycle to another. The transient voltages that are deliberately generated, then compound this variation. The duty cycle is adjusted using R4 and R7 whereas R1 is critical to enabling a preferred self oscillation.

 

TABLE I

CIRCUIT COMPONETS

Part	Description
C1	0.01 µF Capacitor
C2	0.001 µF Capacitor
C3	0.047µF Capacitor
C4	100 µF Capacitor
D1	1N4007 Diode
D2	1N4148 Diode (1N914)
D3	1N4148 Diode (1N914)
Q1	IRFPG50 HEXFET MOSFET,               International Rectifier
R1	100 Ohm Potentiometer 10-Turn 2-watt,         Vishay Spectrol #SP534
R2	0.25 Ohm 30 watt 1% non-Inductive Resistor, Caddock Electronics Inc. #MP930
R3	10 Ohm + - 5%  Custom Prototype wire wound “Quantum” Load Resistor
R4	2K Ohm Potentiometer 10-Turn 2-watt,         Vishay Spectrol #SP534
R5	110 Ohm 1/8 watt Resistor
R6	330 Ohm 1/8 watt Resistor
R7	10K Ohm Potentiometer 10-Turn 2-watt,       Vishay Spectrol #SP534
R8	330 Ohm 1/8 watt Resistor
U1	NE 555N  Timer, Fairchild Semiconductor
V1	12 V “Liquid” Lead Acid Battery  (Qty-2)                           Exide, GT-H, Group U1, 12 aH  (24aH - total)
V2	12 V “Gel” Lead Acid Battery                             CSB Battery Company, LTD., GP 1270 F2,  7 aH

 


Names of circuit component manufacturers are provided where known.                

B.    Equipment and Connections

A Tektronix TDS3054C Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope [4] was provided for these tests offering 500MHz bandwidth and digital storage capability able to data capture 10K records at any one time period. Four probes are used as outlined in Fig. 2 and detailed in section D herein. Also used is a Fluke 87 True-RMS DMM [5] across the 24V battery bank as a visual guide during the tuning process.

Fig. 2.  Wiring Diagram showing probe locations and wire sizes 

The scope probes were also checked relative to each other for excessive relative phase discrepancies when connected to the same signal source as indicated in Fig. 3.  The signal source was provided by a Protek 2MHz function generator set to output a square wave with an instrument specified rise time of approximately 80ns.

Fig. 3.  The four scope traces show the relative phase differences when all four probes are connected to the same square wave signal source

A Fluke 62 Mini Infrared Thermometer [6] was used for all temperature measurements and was held at the distance needed to ensure proper readings without background interference. For example, the 3.2cm load resistor required a measurement distance of no more than 32cm to ensure the reception area remained within the diameter of the resistor according to the spot ratio of 10:1. The ambient temperature was always measured at least one meter from the components radiating thermal energy.

A Velleman HQ PS3003 [7] DC regulated power supply was used for obtaining the baseline heat profile for the resistor under test. The output voltage of the PS3003 was verified to be within factory specification of +/- 1% +/- 2 digits using the Fluke 87 [5] with all voltage readings being identical on both pieces of equipment accurate to two decimal places.

A.    Preferred mode of oscillation

Fig. 1.  Schematic representation of the MOSFET circuit used in the expeiment.

         The improved performance is only evident when the circuit is operating in a preferred mode of oscillation. This mode is preferred both in the sense that it produces the desired effect and in the sense that the circuit itself prefers this self triggered mode over the manual duty cycle presets. It should be noted here that this term is not describing a preferred oscillation in the resonant sense. Instead, this term is describing a very aperiodic non-resonant mode with strong subharmonic interactions

            To establish this preferred mode of oscillation involves several interactive readings and a trained eye in order to properly adjust R1. The procedure towards obtaining the preferred mode of oscillation is relatively straightforward but somewhat arduous and requires a developed skill. While monitoring the four waveforms on the oscilloscope [4], the voltage across the current sensing resistor is monitored on Channel one (CH1) with the mean value displayed in the right margin. R1 is then adjusted to produce the lowest mean value while monitoring the 24V battery voltage with the Fluke [5].

            When the circuit is operating outside the desired parameters the battery voltage drops noticeably due to the power drain. The adjustment is sought that causes a stabilization or slight increase in battery voltage. It has been determined that there is an observable delay between the signal from U1 to turn off Q1 and the inductive collapse of the magnetic field associated with the load resistor R3. This delay is desirable and necessary to produce the preferred mode of oscillation. In the tests this delay was typically around 350ns. The inductive collapse of the magnetic field associated with R3 is monitored on Channel two (CH2) and is seen as a voltage increase at the drain pin of Q1. The drive signal is monitored on Channel three (CH3) as the voltage measured on pin 3 of U1. The time between the falling edge of CH3 and the rising edge of CH2 is the delay being discussed. An additional parameter that is not critical but preferred is that there is good amplitude on the CH2 signal. When all four of these conditions are found the circuit is in the preferred mode of oscillation offering an improved performance. Tuning the preferred mode of oscillation with the single adjustment, R1, is no easy task due to the interactive and recursive nature of the aperiodic frequencies and their respective subharmonics.

A.    Data Analysis

In evaluating the data obtained at regular intervals it was observed that the resolution was greater at the faster time base but this was at the expense of the quantity of cycles required for a good average. The oscilloscope [4] vertical settings were set for voltage inputs while the horizontal settings were set to the desired time base. Using the 2V/div vertical scale with 40µs/div horizontal provided two decimal places or 10mv resolution and with 2µs/div provided six decimal places of resolution or 1µV. Similarly, using the 100V/div setting provided us with integer values or 1V resolution in the 40µs/div setting, and four decimal places or 100 µV in the 2µs/div setting. In the preferred mode of operation a typical 20µs period, that is one full screen capture at 2µs/div, would capture approximately 6 to 10 complete cycles. The oscilloscope provided excellent sample resolution of 10k samples per screen capture and this ensured accurate data collection for the frequencies observed. The entire spectrum is aperiodic in the preferred mode of operation with a fundamental frequency usually near 3.5 kHz but ranging from 140 kHz beyond 500 kHz and various subharmonics which are observed to modulate the amplitude of the fundamental in superposition [8]. It was determined that approximately 140µs of data would contain about six intervals of the superimposed signal and therefore the 400µs captures of 40µs/div would be sufficient to provide a good average of operation. Analysis was performed for each individual capture as well as an average of the composite of each 40µs/div and 2µs/div. The data captures at each six minute interval during the one hour test were taken in that order with just a few seconds in between each capture limited only by the physical need to set the oscilloscope to the desired horizontal time base setting as the scripting features were not used for this process.

The data comprises the capture of four channels of voltage measurements and a relative time marker. The associated points of measurement can be seen in Fig 2 as follows: Channel one (CH1) is the instantaneous voltage measured across R2 at the junction of R2 and the 1.9cm (0.75in) bare wire connection to the source pin of Q1. Channel two (CH2) is the instantaneous voltage measured at the drain pin of Q1. Channel three (CH3) is the instantaneous voltage measured at the timer NE555-PIN 3. Channel four (CH4) is the instantaneous voltage measured at the Voltage Source Measurement Location on the Positive Feed Wire (See Fig. 2). The objective of the analysis was to determine the average source power delivered to the load so as to compare that value to the required baseline for the same relative temperature of the load. In this way it could be determined if the circuit was providing an improvement when compared to the standard DC power baseline.         

         The data imported into the spreadsheets represented columns A - E for Time Marker, CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4 respectively. A new column G was used for the power calculation using the spreadsheet formula E:x*(B:x/0.25) where E and B are the column references, x is the row number and 0.25 represents the resistance of the current sensing resistor (R2) in ohms. This formula is copied to all rows in column G and represents the power formula P=EI where E is the CH4 voltage and I is the instantaneous voltage of CH1 divided by the resistance of R2. A comparison was made between an average of all the rows of data for each column and just those rows which represented complete cycles with no significant difference. Also, an application of the Simpson’s Rule [9] was made to determine if the parabolic treatment of the waveforms would offer any substantial difference as compared to the spreadsheet average function (2). The formula used relates to the composite Simpson’s Rule in the form (1) where n is even and ∆x = (b - a)/n.

                                                                                (1)

The total number of data rows in the spreadsheet range from row 2 to row 10001, therefore only 9999 rows could be used for the approximate integration using the Simpson’s Rule. The difference from the spreadsheet average function and the Simpson’s Rule approximate integration was within 0.04W for 21 of the collections with the 22^nd collection being 0.05W difference. Table II shows the source power average and Simpson’s Rule Integration for each sheet from the test which consisted of 22 data dumps taken at 6 minute intervals over a one hour period. At each interval two data dumps were recorded; one for 40µs/div and one for 2µs/div. The time between a 40µs/div data dump and a 2µs data dump for any given interval is only a few seconds. The temperature recordings as they relate to each sheet are found in Fig. 4 and

the baseline chart is found in Table III.

 

TABLE II

Source Power Averages and Integration

Sheet Number	AVG	SRIa
TEK00000	0.00	0.01
TEK00001	-1.05	-1.06
TEK00002	3.60	3.61
TEK00003	3.98	4.00
TEK00004	2.96	2.93
TEK00005	5.59	5.58
TEK00006	-0.87	-0.89
TEK00007	-0.44	-0.40
TEK00008	0.39	0.39
TEK00009	-1.17	-1.12
TEK00010	4.92	4.88
TEK00011	-1.59	-1.55
TEK00012	-0.17	-0.20
TEK00013	-0.41	-0.41
TEK00014	0.09	0.10
TEK00015	5.12	5.15
TEK00016	-0.71	-0.71
TEK00017	2.39	2.39
TEK00018	-0.42	-0.44
TEK00019	0.13	0.15
TEK00020	-0.12	-0.13
TEK00021	6.45	6.40
AVERAGES	1.30	1.30

^aSimpson’s Rule Integration

 

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TABLE III

Schedule of Custom Load Resistor Temperature Baseline

VOLTS DC	AMPS	°F	AMBIENT	DIFFERENCE	WATTS
4.8	0.50	107	73.5	33.50	2.40
5.0	0.52	110	73.8	36.20	2.60
5.2	0.54	114	73.9	40.10	2.81
5.4	0.56	116	73.8	42.20	3.02
5.6	0.58	118	73.6	44.40	3.25
5.8	0.60	120	73.8	46.20	3.48
6.0	0.62	122	73.9	48.10	3.72
6.2	0.64	125	73.8	51.20	3.97
6.4	0.66	128	73.9	54.10	4.22
6.6	0.68	131	74.1	56.90	4.49
6.8	0.70	134	74.1	59.90	4.76
7.0	0.72	137	74.2	62.80	5.04
7.2	0.74	139	74.3	64.70	5.33
7.4	0.76	142	74.7	67.30	5.63
7.6	0.78	146	74.9	71.10	5.93
7.8	0.80	148	75.0	73.00	6.24
8.0	0.82	153	75.0	78.00	6.56
8.2	0.84	155	74.9	80.10	6.89
8.4	0.86	157	74.5	82.10	7.22
8.6	0.88	159	74.5	84.50	7.57
8.8	0.90	164	74.6	89.40	7.92

         

  

 Current flow to and from the battery was determined from the voltage waveform across the 0.25 Ohm non-inductive sense resistor (shunt) divided by its resistance. The use of that shunt minimizes the inaccuracies that relate to the measurement of impedance to an oscillating waveform. Typically, batteries are not able to deliver a negative current flow. Therefore, it was determined that current delivered by the battery would be the product of instantaneous voltage measured across the shunt divided by the resistance of the shunt measured above zero. Correspondingly, any current delivered back to the battery would be determined from the instantaneous voltage across the shunt divided by the shunt’s resistance, measured below zero. The net flow of current from the battery would be the difference between these two values.

To ensure that both positive and negative transitions were accurately recorded the oscilloscope was set to direct current (DC) coupling. Multiple data dumps of ten thousand samples each were stored and downloaded to spreadsheet for analysis. The equation applied in the analysis for source power determination was

,                                                                               (2)

where V is the source voltage where measured, I is the current calculated at the shunt and X is the number of samples analyzed.

B.     Energy Dissipated at Load Resistor

         The inductive property of the load resistor was required to generate high voltage spikes during the off period of each switching cycle. Also, the impedance varies with frequency and temperature which makes it difficult to determine the accurate instantaneous impedance of the load resistor at any given moment. These conditions caused protracted discussion on the accuracy of measurement related to current phase lag within the inductive component of the load. To address these concerns it was agreed to confine the measurement of power dissipated to caloric values as proof of dissipated energy.

Measurement of the load resistor temperature was enabled through the use of an Infra Red Thermometer chosen because it is not easily affected by electromagnetic interference. The readings were recorded from the digital display in degrees Fahrenheit and were conducted in a draft free environment. Ambient room temperature was recorded consecutively. Temperature measurements were also taken of R2 and Q1 and the results recorded, as represented on the attached schedule. The difference between ambient room temperature and the load resistor was considered to represent the actual caloric value under test conditions.

The heat profile of the load resistor was manually calibrated using a variable power supply source. The supply was increased from 4.8 volts to 8.8 volts in increments of 0.2 volts each. All voltages were verified by reference to independent readings taken across the resistor with a Fluke [4] multimeter. At each interval the amperage was recorded and the power was then calculated as V*I. When stabilized after each interval the resistor temperature and the ambient temperature were recorded. The entire calibration was performed in a draft free environment. Table III shows the results of the calibration.

II.    Mesh Currents

This paper would not be complete without some discussion regarding the interactions between the timer circuit and the heating circuit. Each circuit has an independent supply source and it was necessary to consider whether the observed improvements could be attributed to a power exchange from the timer supply to the heating load. While a DC approach to this concern is relatively straight forward as there is a DC barrier between the Q1 gate and the other two circuit paths via the drain and source pins, it is also considered that there is an AC path or Pulsed DC path through this barrier. The various capacitances and even the stored energy in the inductances of the leads in Q1 can work as charge carriers passing energy back and forth across that barrier. U1 can source and sink a maximum 200mA and has a maximum operating temperature of 70°C [10]. Since this is the only conductive path for current to flow in, these parameters limit how much power can be passed via this pathway. In addition, the 2800pF C_iss [11] of Q1 represents a capacitive reactance of around 160 ohms at the fundamental frequency. Also, there are a few ohms of resistance in R1 as part of the combined limit. Therefore if one were to conservatively calculate the resistance of R1 to be only 2 ohms and if one were to also discount any reactive impedance of the load resistor and take it at its resistive value of 10 Ohms giving 12 Ohms to add to the 160 Ohm impedance caused by the capacitive reactance the result is a conservative resistance of 172 Ohms. Now if one was then able to pass the maximum allowed current of 200mA through that resistance, 34.4V would then be needed. Therefore, the maximum instantaneous power that could be transferred through that path would be approximately 6.8W. So in order to answer the question as to whether this could in fact occur it was deemed  necessary to perform an auxiliary test wherein a second current sensing resistor was placed in the interconnect path at the Voltage Source reference point. With the understanding that all of the current sourced by the timer circuit battery must return to that battery and the interconnect being the only path by which it could occur it was thought that any power being transferred into the gate must then return via the interconnect wire. For this test the probe was removed from the U1 Pin 3 position and placed on the secondary current sensing resistor lead connected to the interconnect wire identified in Fig 2 as a possible shared current path. The circuit was run in its preferred mode of operation and a data dump was performed using the 2µs/div time base. It was expected that some portion of the R3 charging current would find its way through that path in a parallel manner bypassing the R2 sensing resistor. The expectation therefore was the need to add this current to the existing current to get a full picture of the operation. Surprisingly, the net value of the current running in that leg was negative. Nevertheless an integration of both currents was necessary to get the real picture. The results indicate that a mesh current [12] flows through the source pin of Q1 and actually inflates the current reading by a value of a little under 1W. This means that the documented improvements are conservative by that quantity. As far as any currents being supplied by the timer circuit and flowing through the load resistor and 24V battery bank, that current would have been present in the same interconnect wire on its return path. Even if all the current found in this case was attributed to such an unlikely path it still falls short of the observed performance increases. Therefore it is concluded that the timer battery is not the source of the improvements.

III.    Discussion

         As the overriding purpose of the test is to evaluate the advantages in applying that second cycle from a switching circuit, a battery supply source was used. It is understood that a battery cannot deliver energy in open circuit conditions and any energy evident to the circuit during the off period would therefore be sourced away from that supply. What was evident in the voltage waveform, as measured at the source, was that the spike at the drain was able to recharge the battery. This spike results from the collapsing fields in the inductive load resistor. The extent of that recharge was also evident in the reading of a voltmeter placed directly across the battery terminals.

Battery performance requires separate and specific evaluation disciplines and it was considered to be outside the scope of this paper.  Therefore those records of duration and voltage levels were simply included as a reference. It is to be noted that the actual test results indicated a small but nonetheless, measurable net loss to the battery voltage notwithstanding the evidence of zero net loss in some measurements. This may be attributed to the evident and occasional loss of the overlying harmonics during circuit operation, which loss is seen to diminish efficiency.

Also of concern is that, in the initial tests, the point of the Source Power reference ground used for the probes and timer interconnect point were positioned about 15cm away from the shunt.  This then may have the apparent effect as that of a 100nH inductor thereby increasing the overall amplitude of the shunt voltage measurements. Therefore, measurements of this test included the repositioning of this reference point directly onto the shunt lead. Interestingly, this did reduce the overall amplitude of that measured signal which was evident when the vertical setting on the oscilloscope was reduced to 1V/div. However the net mean voltage reading actually dropped indicating a greater improvement in performance over those earlier tests.

Initial tests also included the use of a wire wound shunt with some inductance associated with that winding. To obviate this, the test detailed herein was done with a replacement non-inductive shunt as detailed in the Components schedule. But there was very little evidence of measurements difference between these two components.

Also of interest is the fact that the circuit was able to run for extended periods at less than half the optimum charged condition of the battery while still dissipating energy at the load resistor. The indications here were that the resonating condition of the supply and the inductive components of the resistor were able to sustain a potential difference to enable a continual exchange. This test is only referenced to encourage further investigation of this effect.

This test indicated a marginal net loss to the voltage of the source batteries notwithstanding periods of an evident recharge. This is in line with the thesis and is variously attributed to the momentary and occasional loss of the signature harmonics that are required for optimization of results. But the evidence is that, subject to the sustainability of those harmonics, the theoretical indications are that battery discharge can be obviated. This directs attention to the need for some manufactured means of sustaining those harmonics that may be required in optimized conditions of application and, in turn, requires further research.

Apart from the anomalous heat signatures developed over the resistive load is the evidence of anomalous waveforms that point to the simultaneous and alternate current paths that can be developed across a circuit. These paths have not been fully established and further emphasize the need for further study to determine some alternate principles to be incorporated into known paradigms to account for these effects. Of interest is that the waveforms are replicable in simulated programs, e.g. Spice. This suggests that classical algorithms can account for these electromagnetic interactions. However, phase shifts in current are not so easily modeled and the reality suggests a complex arrangement that manifests as an improvement in performance.

IV.    Conclusion

         It must be stressed that the weighted averaging of the data dumps taken from these tests, were applied to reach a conservative value of the power delivered by the battery supply source. There is more energy returned to the battery source than is measured across the shunt as referenced in the discussion on meshed currents.  And the shunt and MOSFET both dissipated heat.  But these were not included in the evaluation of the results, as the heat dissipated at the load exceeded thermodynamic constraints and was therefore considered sufficient as proof of the coefficient of performance required for this thesis and this claim.

There was also evidence of zero net loss in the integration of measurements on some of these results in line with the thesis, thereby pointing to the need for further development requirements to sustain this potential.

While these results may confront classical constraints as they relate to the transfer of energy, and as predicted in terms of the thesis it is hoped that these results may be considered or that mainstream explore alternate models to account for these effects. The evidence is that it is possible to partially or entirely conserve energy while developing anomalous heat signatures over resistive loads. This, in turn, points to the need to revise current applications to exploit this benefit which may then obviate some of the pollutant effects associated with energy generation.

It is hoped that publication of this paper will address the need for a wide dissemination of these benefits.  This document may then serve as a foundation for a more systematic research into the study and development of these effects.

Appendix I

 The following exercise is intended as a broad brushstroke description of the non classical properties of current flow that was tested in the experiment described herein.

The classical approach to current flow recognizes that charge motion is predominately that of electric charge. The aspect of this thesis that is considered appropriate to this submission relates to current flow. It proposes that current flow comprises the motion of magnetic charge which, in turn comprises elementary magnetic dipolar particles. In classical terms, these particles would align with Faraday’s Lines of Force and therefore the number of lines that exist through a particular  real or imaginary surface, would still be represented as magnetic flux while the particles themselves, in distribution along those lines, represent the magnetic field.

It is proposed that these fields are extraneous to the atomic structure of matter and are thought to play a critical part in binding atoms and molecules into gross identifiable matter. Further, the particles obey an immutable imperative to move towards a condition of balance or zero net magnetic charge. Given a source material with an ionized charge imbalance which is measured as a potential difference, and given a closed circuit electromagnetic material path, these particles will return to the source material with the necessary charge to neutralize that imbalance.

Typical electronic circuits provide such material paths through the circuit components of which they are made which includes all conductors. During the passage of current flow through such closed circuitry it is proposed that the charge imbalance is transferred to those circuit components. The individual imbalances in each component and each conductor then seek balance according to that immutable imperative. In typical electronic circuitry, each component that has been ‘charged’ by this transfer, will either neutralize the charge internally, or influence a secondary current flow  in anti-phase or opposite polarity to the first cycle.

While this is substantially in line with classical assumption as it relates to the transfer of charge, the distinction is drawn that the energy that is then transferred to such electromagnetic components, is able to regenerate a secondary cycle of current flow in line with electromagnetic laws. This energy is then not limited to the quotient of stored energy delivered during the first cycle and as presumed by classical theory. Instead it is dependent on the circuit component’s material characteristics and the means by which those materials balance a charge put upon them. Therefore there is a real energy potential in the secondary cycle which would reflect in a measured improvement to the performance coefficient of the circuit arrangement. This enhanced performance coefficient may be at the expense of the bonding of the material in the circuit components. In a worst case condition, this energy may be released as is observed in an exploding wire that is put under extreme charge conditions due to excessive current flow. In a best case condition, the energy is released gradually over time and results in fatigue to those components. This paper addresses an application of the gradual release.

Appendix II 

         The following schedule lists those tests that were conducted as they progressed to the test described herein. It provides a hyperlink to the original data for precise and detailed reference.  They are appended in the interests of submitting a comprehensive reference to assist with further investigation of this circuit effect as required.

Test 1

This test was conducted on a standard commercial resistor (Stock, R3S) of 10 Ohm. No gains were evident.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 1"

Test 2

Load resistor specially manufactured (Custom, R3C) to assessed Quantum test specifications. No gains were evident.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 2"

Test 3

R3C used. First gains evident but records only partially completed test. First evidence of the required harmonics.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 3"

Test 4

R3C used. No gains evident and also the loss of the required harmonics.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 4"

Test 5

R3C used. Gains were evident together with evidence of the required harmonics.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 5"

Test 6

R3S used. No gains evident. Nor could the required signature harmonics be found.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 6"

Test 7

R3C used. Gains evident but actual power values exceeding the voltage constraints of the DPO. Test was terminated but does point to the feasibility of advantages at higher power output.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 7"

Test 8

R3C used. Circuit was now assessed as workable for the required effect. Therefore were alligator clips removed and all leads          shortened and soldered. Gains were evident. Required harmonics was again evident.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 8"

Test 9

R3C used. Non-inductive precision shunt resistor replaced. Gains were evident.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 9"

Test 10

R3C used. Test 9 effectively re-run to improve on results. Gains were evident indicating no material difference in the voltage values          between the inductive and non-inductive shunt.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 10"

Test 11

R3C used. This test was conducted over a one hour period with intensive sample capture to determine that the range of voltage          across the shunt fell within acceptable levels.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 11"

Test 12

New resistor wound as a further attempt to duplicate the properties of the original Quantum Test. No gain observed and evident      loss of the required harmonics.

http://"Future Link To Actual Test Data for Test # 12"

References

[1]    Duncan A. Grant and John Gowar, Power MOSFETs, Theory and Applications, Wiley-Interscience, 1989

[2]    International Rectifier, HEXFET Power MOSFET Designer’s Manual, 2^nd ed. vol. 3, El Segundo, CA: 1995, pp. 1575-1581

[3]    International Rectifier, HEXFET Power MOSFET Designer’s Manual, 2^nd ed. vol. 3, El Segundo, CA: 1995, pp. 1541-1566

[4]    Tektronix TDS3054C 500 MHz 4 Channel Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope Data Sheet [online], Available:  http://www2.tek.com/cmsreplive/psrep/13406/41W_12482_17_2009.07.16.16.00.09_13406_EN.pdf

[5]    Fluke 87 True-RMS Multimeter User Manual [Online]. Available: http://assets.fluke.com/manuals/87______umeng0800.pdf

[6]    Fluke 62 Mini Infrared Thermometer Information Site, [online] Available: http://us.fluke.com/usen/products/Fluke+62.htm

[7]    Velleman HQ PS3003 Users Manual, [online] Available: http://www.designnotes.com/downloads/PS3003U_Manual.pdf

[8]    Edward J. Ross, Professional Electrical/Electronic Engineer’s License Study Guide, 1^st ed. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1977, page 329

[9]    James Stewart, Calculus Early Transcendentals, 5^th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, pp. 522 - 524

[10]  The Linear Control Circuits Data Book for Design Engineers, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 2^nd ed., 1980, pp. 282-283.

[11]  International Rectifier, HEXFET Power MOSFET Designer’s Manual, 2^nd ed. vol. 3, El Segundo, CA: 1995, page 1116

[12]  Edward J. Ross, Professional Electrical/Electronic Engineer’s License Study Guide, 1^st ed. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1977, pp. 332-333

Fig. 1.  MOSFET Heater Circuit – R7 and R4 is for duty cycle adjustment. R1 is for adjusting to preferred mode of oscillation

Fig. 2.  Wiring Diagram showing probe locations and wire sizes

Fig. 3.  The four scope traces show the relative phase differences when all four probes are connected to the same square wave signal source.

Fig. 4.  Test13 Data: Load = R3, MOSFET = Q1, Shunt = R2, TEK columns = filenames of CSV files and PNG files respectively

Last Page

Fig. 5.  Arrows in left margin mark zero volts for each channel. Note the compound frequency present in all waveforms.

Fig. 6.  The Digital Phosphor technology helps to see the subharmonic modulation.

Fig. 7.  Approximately 350ns after the high to low transition on CH3 (U1-Pin 3) the CEMF increase on CH2 (Q1-Drain) is observed. Note the residual charge present on CH3 after this partial transition and the slight increase in positive current on CH1 (R2) just prior to the CEMF increase.

comments from the public

25

Dear Reader,

I notice - with some alarm - that there are considerably more readers than I hoped for at this stage.  And I'm getting questions from you.  If I knew how to answer you all off this blog - then I'd do this.  I have no idea how.  I only know how to publish in this blog.  In any event - if you're reading here - then here's my answer to questions.

Anonymous - What's so special is that we're getting a COP greater 17 and have had 4 hours of run at COP INFINITY.  We're trying to get back this latter result.

Sheldon - the parts will be available when we publish the report.  Not sure where that publication will come but it's unlikely to be on forums.  I'll explain this later.  It's the same circuit that we've always used - except that we're using a standard immersion element as our load resistor and we're driving the MOSFET with a functions generator.  It seems to afford us much better control than the 555.

Meanwhile I am still debating where to report and how public to make that report.  I'll share some concerns about this in due course.

Kindest regards,

Rosemary

Strange Glue - Brick Chokers and Diamonds

24

Dear Reader,

This is another email to a friend - in another attempt to explain some of the concepts of that proposal.  Hopefully it helps.

Only 3 potential valence conditions of atoms - and the material bonding those atoms
There are only three types of bricks.  They're either blue or they're red or they're a mix of both colours.  And then they're purple.  The bricks are 'glued' together by Strange Glue. Strange Glue is plastic.  It's made up of thin strands of hollowed out plastic marbles.  They're just small threads.  But they orbit so they then become loops.  Just single stranded, individual packages of small necklaces.  And each necklace keeps spinning or orbiting.

The atomic energy levels

Now.  Spinning on the surface of those bricks are similar strands of necklaces.  But unlike Strange Glue - they're multi stranded.  They're the Brick Choker.  And studded between those chokers are pure diamonds.  When the number of diamonds on the outside of the brick can be divisible by 2 then the bricks are coloured Purple. When the number of diamonds outside the brick can't be divisible by 2 then those bricks are coloured red or blue.  Red bricks have less strands of chokers than Blue bricks and therefore less diamonds are studded between those strands.  

Strange Glue does a dance with these outside chokers.  One step forwards for every one step back by the Brick Choker. They orbit each other with the precision of articulated gears and being shorter in length - Strange Glue also has a smaller circumference.  Therefore it completes one entire orbit when the Brick Choker has hardly turned at all. 

The immutable imperative to move to a condition of balance
And through this dance step - in this way - Strange Glue holds those bricks together.  If the bricks are red - then Strange Glue spins clockwise.  If the bricks are blue then Strange Glue spins anti clockwise.  So for every two red bricks you get a clockwise, say, spinning necklace of Strange Glue.  And - for every two blue bricks you get an anti clockwise spinning necklace.  But what Strange Glue actually wants is purple bricks.  That way they can have two spins one being clockwise and another being anticlockwise - both.  And Strange Glue really needs to spin in both directions.

Although each necklace of Strange Glue is smaller than the length of the Brick Chokers - and considerably smaller than the brick itself - it can, nonetheless, move those bricks around to arrange them.  And it can even unglue one brick from another and then move it towards or away from another brick.  And when they do this - when they manage to change the location of the one or both bricks then they also change the colour of both bricks to that preferred shade of purple.  And then that necklace of Strange Glue is perfectly content because it's joined both bricks and it can, itself, then move both clockwise and anticlockwise. Which is its preferred orbit. 

The current that flows as a field
BUT.  There's a caveat.  Just like one permanent magnet can't change it's poles but has to adjust it's entire position to align with another magnet - so Strange Glue first has to alter it's position in space to change its spin or its orbit.  Now Strange Glue senses what's in the environment because it's everywhere.  And it can quickly read the colour of the bricks that are surrounding it.   In the electromagnetic interaction it first makes a bullet run of all those little necklaces.  Here what they do is break their orbits - break ranks -  and turn into long threads that then they join up in a single line or many single lines made up of these smaller little Strange Glue packages.  That means they they simply move into really long lines of little plastic hollowed out marbles and then they do another very big orbit.

But the minute they break away to form these long lines they also 'UNGLUE' the bricks that they were holding together.  But just for a brief moment - because they can move very quickly and very intelligently.  They read what's around them - and then they make a run for it.  Their goal is to get back to that finish line which is on the other side of the start line.  That's their new orbit.  And, when they get back there, then only can they adjust their orbits - as required.  They can break off again back into those little separated packages of threads that orbit.  And having given themselves this wide, wide orbit through the circuit they can then make good use of any blue or red bricks in that environment to re-assemble those bricks as purple bricks or as close to 'purple' as they can manage.  They can now vary their individual little necklace orbits as required.

The energy of that hidden dark matter in circuit components themselves
But to get to the finish line they have to first 'run the course' - and the 'course' in our example could be a circuit.  And that circuit is also made up of bricks.  And they too have these outer Brick Chokers with their preferred number of studded diamonds.  The copper wire is made up of purple bricks.  That presents no real obstruction.  If that long necklace in that bullet run is moving clockwise through the copper in the circuit  - it simply kicks out the clockwise spinning necklaces that are holding those bricks together.  Then it does a sort of a dance with the anti clockwise spinning necklaces and gradually progresses through those purple bricks until it gets to the other side.

The valence condition of those circuit components 
But then it comes across a resistance (our resistor or element).  Here the bricks are either red or blue.  They're all spinning in the same direction  - and that does present a problem.  But it's not insuperable. Here's what Strange Glue knows.  One half of any spin - of any orbit - always opposes the other half.  Strange Glue takes advantage of this.  Therefore - with some nimble footwork - Strange Glue knocks out one half of some of those orbiting necklaces holding those Red bricks or Blue bricks - and simply does it's 'dance' with what's remaining. And so it also passes through those brick structures.

Which is when Strange Glue becomes ever stranger.  What is left behind inside the circuit now COMES OUT OF ORBIT.  Where before they managed to orbit at a lickerty split rate - due to their interaction with the bigger Brick chokers - they now become slow.  They're not orbiting with anything at all.  And then they become as big as they first were small.  They become hot as they first were cold.  They become as slow as they were first fast.  And they're absolutely no longer able to hold those bricks together.  They've lost their 'field' condition.  They're in a state of chaos.  Very uncomfortable.  And they get ever bigger and ever hotter and ever slower as the state of chaos compounds.  BUT NOTE. The bricks don't get hot.  Nothing changes in the condition of their Brick Chokers.  Only Strange Glue gets hot.  And being bigger it also forces those bricks further and further apart.  The brick structure itself then appears to EXPAND.

The applied switching cycle
BUT. Thankfully - the bullet run is momentarily halted.  That's when we stop that current flow from the source - that first bullet run.  Then those necklaces that were 'kicked out' of the resistive structure are able to get back into the structure.  They're still there - orbiting.  Still in a field condition.  And.  Just like the first bullet run - they too have to join forces - join ranks - and find a path back to their own 'finish line'.  As with Strange Glue's first bullet run - the finish line is still on the other side of the resistor's own start line.  They still have to do an orbit.  Another wide, wide orbit.  And because there's still some sense of order in those parts of Strange Glue that was forced out of the brick structure they can still do this.  So.  They now join ranks - line up - hold hands - and then go back into the circuit.  And they then move in the opposite direction to that first bullet run. They also need a path. And they find a path (the body diode of the MOSFET) to allow them also to move through the circuit.  So.  They join ranks and move back but in the OPPOSITE direction.  And then they find their own finish line on the other side of their own start line - those resistor bricks which they had glued and which they want to re-glue.

The methodology
What we do is give repeated bullet shots so that the necklaces in that resistor never get back to their previous comfortable orbits.  And the glue strandes that were broken and  kicked out of orbit then stay hot and big.  I'm simply pointing out that the atoms - those bricks - can only be red or blue or purple.  And what these 'strings' do is move to neutralise NOT the bricks/atoms - but their arrangement in that brick/atomic construction.  And when their orbits are interrupted, when their strings are broken - for whatever reason - then they become visible and measurable as heat.  If they rejoin those 'bricks' or atoms then they re-arrange them to find - not the atom's comfort zones - but their own.  And they know exactly what they're dealing with because they interact with those bricks or those atoms by interacting with the atoms' atomic energy levels - which are also made up of spinning orbiting necklaces which here form a big multi stranded choker.  And they only interact with those atoms' outer energy levels. And when and if these 'fields of glue' are finally and completely 'out of orbit' - when the disturbance is that extreme - when they're that hot - then they can entirely evacuate the area of those bricks.  This can be seen as sparks and flames that leave that previously 'bricked' structure.  Then these strings can move away from the atom - thereby compromising the BOUND state of those bricks/atoms.  They never actually change the atom itself.  Just it's bound condition.  And they're plastic.  They can change their position in space.  They only look for things to 'glue' together.  They look for those bricks that they can paint purple.

The bricks are our atoms.  The Brick choker are it's outer energy levels.  The studded diamonds are the valence electrons.  Strange Glue simply holds those bricks together by interacting with the plastic beads in the bricks'/atoms' chokers.  The interaction of Strange Glue with the Brick Chokers is our 'weak nuclear force'.  The big orbit of Strange Glue - is current flow.

edited

Perhaps this makes it easier.  Hopefully.

on carrier particles

 22

Dear Reader,

I am keeping some information off this blog for a variety of reasons - but will give you all a follow up - on those experiments, possibly as soon as later on today - or tomorrow.  I started posting on Overunity Research.com. (OUR.com) having being banned from Overunity.com.  Confusing similarity of names - they're actually different forums and different owners.   But that forum seems to have been withdrawn - without any kind of notification to it's members.  Hopefully we'll hear more in due course.  What I'm doing in a few follow up posts is to try and recover the sense of some of my contributions there as I am not able to access the original posts.

By the way.  Stefan Hartman at Overunity.com (where I'm banned) assured us that he would be more than happy to post results as and when they come.  I've written to him in 2 separate emails and he conveniently ignores both.  My suspicion is that he had no intention of posting those results.  My question remains.  Why is there is forum that is apparently anxious to advance overunity research when it also denies experimenters the right to publish that proof.  Could it be that they are not actually committed to advance all this new science?  Are they in fact suppressing this when all that evidence becomes too clear?  Not sure yet.  In fairness I think I should first wait and hear from him.  Not sure what's considered to be a reasonable time.  But right now we're only talking 1 week.

This first one is about the carrier particle.  Just a brief overview.  It does not justify it's use.  It only explains why it used at all.   Thereafter I intend explaining why it's entirely inappropriate.

INTRODUCTION

The rule is that for any physical object to interact with another or other physical objects – then they must share a co-incident timeframe and a co-incident position in space.  And they must also share three dimensional properties of volume that allow them to be localised in a shared space. 

This is the essential puzzle of the forces.  How do nuclear, electromagnetic and gravitational fields impact directly on visible and measurable matter when they do not appear to have the material properties associated with the visible three dimensional objects that are influenced by these forces?  The interaction of gravity, for example, appears to be immediate and co-incident on anything the size of an atom or larger.  Yet there is no apparent material object to transfer that energy as a ‘carrier’ in the sense that air would be the carrier of wind to move the trees, or in the sense that a ball is the carrier of the energy that moves it.

To get around this problem mainstream has proposed that there are ‘carrier’ particles.  And to get this solution to ‘fit the facts’ - to answer the variety of problems posed by this question  – their solution is to point to a variety of particles some of which are known and some of which must needs be purely speculated.   But the idea is this.  The force moves the particle that then moves the atom that then moves the object that binds that atom.   It’s logically an extension of what is observed.  Something along the lines of the wind that blows the balloon.  The wind would be the force.  The balloon would be the particle. 

Effectively all that’s actually been proposed is that the pervasive influence of the forces is just something that communicates itself on the very small scale of the particle.  Then that interaction, that movement – that exchange of energy on the particle level between the hidden force and the carrier particle - then unfolds to become manifest in our measurable dimensions.  But fundamental to this concept is the idea that this interaction still depends on a coincident timeframe.  Effectively that carrier particle is able to move as a result of an interaction with the invisible forces.  Then it communicates that interaction with the atom and with entire manifest material object that are made up of those atoms.  There’s no time lag.  It’s casual and it’s sequential – but that time scale is so subtle that it's also, to all intents and purposes, immediate.   The moment that the particle is moved by the force – is virtually also the same moment that all the atoms adjust to that movement in a sympathetic response.  Effectively, like the impact or interaction of three dimensional objects, it is here proposed that the forces rely on a coincident timeframe and a shared locality.  In this sense they are assumed to share our own timeframe and our own spatial dimensions.  And they impart their energy by interacting with these small particles that then share that interaction with the macrocosmic material that comprises these atoms.  

The electron is widely assumed to be the 'carrier particle' of the electromagnetic force.  The 'graviton' is assumed to be responsible for the gravitational force.  Unlike the electron this has never actually been seen.  The quark is proposed for the strong nuclear force - and it has the rare distinction of being required to answer questions of symmetry.  Nothing yet proposed for the 'dark' force - but the majority of our theorists don't actually subscribe to this force at all.  Surprising when you consider that it's been experimentally proven.  But I also think that our scientists are somewhat selective with what evidence they're prepared to accept or not.  This truth would be amusing if it weren't also quite so sad.  In any event our experts here are looking for a particle that is - by definition - invisible and thereby undetectable.  I'm not sure of the logic to justify this search.  But I think logic has long ago departed from mainstream theory.  It's now a kind of soup - a bouillabaisse comprising mostly fishy thinking and any 'spice of the month' for added flavour.

Regards,

Rosemary

Btw. I'm just reposting this picture as it's again referred to.  And it has the very real merit of making me smile.  Would that I could be as contented as that.  LOL

problems and problems solved

21

Dear Reader,

We're having problems with the instruments to record waveforms.  It may take a while to get this fixed or replaced.  I'll get back here asap.

Regards,
Rosemary

And again readers, all,

I've decided to keep this information here.  Problems are fixed and all is very much on track and results more amazing than ever.  Just a quick view of our wonderful little rig - here it is.  And at the moment it's cooking from a 12 volt supply with zero discharge from that battery.  A full report to follow.

Kindest regards and may you all be as happy as we are
Rosemary

Sorry.  Yet another qualification.  I will NOT have the report ready for tomorrow or even today.  More likely by the end of next week or sometime before Christmas.  It needs to be perfectly presented.  And perfection takes time.  I'm only certain that it will 'rock'.   So for those that need some good news - take heart. 

another upbeat update and more to come

20

Dear Reader - anyone who's following this blog - I have some preliminary and very good news and will post the data here tomorrow morning.  Right now I need sleep.

It seems that we've got an extraordinary coefficient of performance - as there's zero discharge measured from the battery and a 'too hot to handle' condition on our resistor.  On the morrow we'll be posting up all the graphs on the control wattages and the data from these last tests.   Still to rerun these and similar tests - but it all does appear to be very repeatable.  Still need some overview from our experts but I suspect that will still be some time in the offing as we're to submit a more comprehensive set of data than I'll be posting in the morning.

It's blown me away.  There were early indications of this - some week ago - but the numbers are being firmed up and it seems that we really do not need to stray too far from standard elements and standard technology.  Always was a concern.  It seems that we just need to switch that current and switch it fast.  What a pleasure.  More to the point - there appears to be no NOISE.  I actually am beginning to think that this may yet be easily applied to standard technologies using standard components.  The students are brilliant.

Watch this space.  LOL

Kindest regards,

Rosemary

BTW I'll be goig 'public' tomorrow - when and if I find the right threads and forums.  Not sure where to go but presumably OU.com will be happy to post either the data or a link.  And then there's OU.org.uk - and OUR.com.  Anyway I'll ask around.  Meanwhile let your friends know.  This is a replication with a vengeance - and everyone dedicated to open source this knowledge will be able to exploit it as and where they can.  SO EASY TO REPLICATE.  Thank you God.

a universal structure

19 Script 3 (draft)

We know the forces as the strong and weak nuclear force, the electromagnetic force and gravity.  What this study will show is that one only needs the magnetic field and it's three potential dimensions to explain all those forces.  But to do this one first needs to locate that area of space where those dimensions would be manifest.  Where - in space - do we find these fields of magnetic dipoles?

Picture, if you will, in your mind's eye, a great big torus.  That torus comprises strings upon strings - necklaces of these very small and very fast and very cold magnetic dipoles.  They are so long that they wrap themselves around the entire universe.  They are so numerous that they fill the smallest regions and corners of space.  They are so fast that they are entirely invisible.  Yet this is the background, the scaffolding, the woof and weft of an almost solid cloth that holds the tapestry of matter.  It is invisible to light.  But it is the thing that moves and carries light inside its perfectly geometrical shape.  Put your finger on any part of that vacuum of space and it will be entirely undetectable except that it will be cold.  Very, very cold.  And in essense it is simply a jolly big toroidal magnetic field defining the shape and boundaries of the known universe.

Now picture God reaching into that structure with a pair of scissors and He then cuts one of those strings.  The necklace unravels, tumbles out of that orderly structure and it becomes a pile of beads that fall together - attracted to each other as would any magnets be attracted.  But tumbling.  They fall out of that orderly formation, that string.  And they then tumble into a localised area of space.  It puts one in mind of nebulae.  Those fast cloud structures that are seen to give birth to stars and possibly whole star structures and galaxies. 

We need to go back to Bell's requirement for symmetry.  If in the breaking of one indescribably long string - all those little beads fell out of their cold fast small state to become hot and slow and big - then an equal number of those little beads would have become equally colder and smaller and faster than the beads in the magnetic field itself.  So.  Here's the thing.  We have one level of size that we can relate to - and that's determined by light and whether or not light can interact with that 'thing'.  When it can't we have a second level of size that we can only speculate about - as it remains hidden and invisible.  Then we have a third level of size that is just so small that it cannot be reached by the hidden fields of the magnetic dipoles and it can hardly occupy any space at all as all of that space has been defined by magnetic fields.  It would share the same dimensions of time as the hot, big dipoles that we can see.  But it would be entirely out of reach of either our own reality of the reality of the magnetic fields.  Having no volume and occupying no space, it would, nevertheless share a time dimension with our own time dimensions - a kind of momentary co-incidence with our own realities.  

So.  Potentially we have these dimensions.  We have our own reality which has the three dimensions of length, breadth and depth and it's own relative time reference.  Then we have the magnetic fields that share our spatial dimensions but they have an entirely different time frame which, being faster than light would be in advance of our own time frame.  Then we have this third dimension that, curiously has only one  dimension of space in that it's extant at all, and another more certain dimension of time, and that time frame co-incident with our own.  Four dimensions to our realities, four dimensions to the magnetic field - and two dimensions to this third reality and one has a total of 10 dimensions that would then describe that entirety.  And all share a co-incidence with space but none share an identical time frame.

In effect this would then suggest that the universe may be a 10 dimension binary system - entirely described by our string theorists - but here pointing to varying properties of scale in speed and size and temperature.  The rule being that potentially the dipole itself can reach any extreme of three distinct properties being heat, velocity and volume.  The correspondence is this.  It is as hot and big - or as cold and small - as is determined by its velocity.  In the same way it is as big and fast  or small and slow as is determined by its temperature.  And therefore it's also as fast and hot or slow and cold as determined by it's volume.  Know any one of it's poperties and it describes the others.  Just, bear  this in mind.  In a field condition it would not be manifest in our own dimensions.  But outside a field condition it would indeed be evident.  It is proposed that it's evident when things glow with warmth or simply catch alight. 

2 the structure of the field

18 Script 2

The questions then are this.  What shape would the field take and what precisely would be the type and kind of particles that make up the field?  Here the solution was found in a simple rule of correspondence.  In effect everything is the sum of it's parts.  Take any three dimensional object, be it a brick or a stick of wood - then what we see and measure of the object itself is simply a collection or congregation of atoms and molecules that that are somehow bound together to create the visible, identifiable object itself.  Break down the object, grind it down to its very smallest parts and we'd be left with a puddle of atoms that were previously assembled and bound into that shape.  In the same way the proposal is that we take our 'clues' from what is known of the magnetic field and build from there.

The first point is that the field seems to comprise what Faraday referred to as 'lines of force'.  In effect the proposal was that the magnetic field comprises lines that move from one side of a permanent magnet to the other side, north to south.  If the field comprises particles then these lines of force would, in turn comprise particles.  And if there is a distinct north and south pole to each permanent magnet - then in the same way, following that same correspondence, then the particles would each have a north and south pole.  Effectively they'd be a magnetic dipole.

As to their shape?  We know that we only need to look to symmetry and this because of the conclusions to Bell's theorems which, loosely paraphrased, state that 'the statistical predictions of the quantum theories ... cannot be upheld with local hidden variables'.  All he was pointing to is this.  On a deep, a profound and fundamental level there has to be absolute correspondence - absolute symmetry.  Else matter would not be able to manifest in a stable and coherent way.  In effect he proved that if nature was not that economical and exact with all her rules - if she was not that precise on the very, very small scale - then we would not have this manifest assembly of our structured universe and its miracles of matter presented as it is - one thing distinct from another.  If all was variable then all would be chaos. The most perfectly structured, the most perfectly symmetrical shape is a sphere.  So.  I modestly propose that, just perhaps the basic particle, many of which make up a field, is also shaped as a sphere.  A perfectly round bead.  A ball.  And one half of that ball would be a north and the other half a south. That way the two charge potentials would be locked in a single particle forever married and neutral - but having the precise differences in charge to respond to each other and to all the other particles in the field.

Then the assembly of those particles is relatively straight forward.  They would align as magnets align.  Head to toe.  North to south.  That would form a long string.  And for absolute balance and symmetry, those strings would then close its open ends to form a circle.  I have no idea how long each string needs to be to then form that closed loop or that necklace.  Nor how many necklaces would then make up a field.  But I am reasonably satisfied that to fill all that 'space' that volume of the field itself, it would probably require a variety of lengths and those lengths would logically correspond to the shape of the field as a whole.  (2 Riaan's picture of the single to multiple lines of force from a magnet) And when one introduces differing lengths to the strings then one also introduces a partial imbalance.  One string is marginally different to an associated string.  This would inevitably result in 'like charge' aligning with like charge.  And this, in turn would induce a repulsive moment when the two particles would move apart from each other.  And that movement would induce a 'like movement' in the entire string.  One particle cannot simply move in space if it's fixed inside a line of like particles.  They would all move, one step forward, say.  And this would therefore result in an orbit of the entire necklace.  And in the process of describing that orbit, then other particles in that necklace would move towards other like charges in neighbouring strings.  And the same repulsions would induce more and more movements through more and more necklaces throughout the field.  Eventually all those strings would orbit - all in a shared direction or with a shared justification - and this then would account for the extraordinary velocity of the particles in the magnetic field.  Everything would be spinning at pace and in one direction.

But to analyse the basic properties of the string it is evident that there are various potential spatial dimensions of this.  A single string in the form of a necklace would be one dimensional having only  length.  (1 Riaan's picture of the necklace) Many strings forming a series of concentric circles - something like a saucer - would be a two dimensional field having width and breadth but no depth.

Many saucers piled, one on top the other, would be a three dimensional field.  (Riaan's picture of the torus)

So here's the thing.  Each particle is neutral comprising as is here proposed a magnetic dipole.  Each particle has a field justification which then proposes that the particle itself has one of its two potential charges.  But each orbit cancels out the potential charge in the field making the entire field absolutely neutral.  One can then say that a neutral particle has a justification in a neutral field determined by the orbit of that entire field.

an aside

17

Dear Reader,

It's been an absolute pleasure to write here on this blog of mine.  Not only am I not defending my corner and getting bogged down and delayed by endless irrelevancies but I'm actually enjoying the sheer creativity of this exercise, it's varied aspects of theorising and testing - and then the pleasure in composing this blog itself.  It's drifting between this and that - and no doubt will test everyone's tolerance when it is finally made public.  But it has the advantage of catching what's appropriate albeit it in a rather eccentric sequence.

Perhaps what I need to explain is the delays in that heat 'profiling' which, apparently is better explained as the heating characteristics of the element that we're studying at the moment.  Those poor students' time is heavily constrained in the bureaucratic demands to give them permission and license to study in this country of ours - as they are not South African Residents.  This is halting progress to a certain extent.  But the data for those 'characteristics' have now been captured and we're simply getting them put into a graphic form for easy reference.  We've also started on the switching circuit - but early steps.  At this stage we're simply trying to determine the optimised frequency for that particular element.  When we have a better handle on this then we'll download all that data against all those tests and - hopefully, those who are sufficiently interested, will be able to double check our numbers.

Meanwhile - I'll spend these long and wakeful nights of mine developing the script for that video.  It will also be a guide into the thesis for those of you who are interested.  And, by the way, I have not forgotten the need to transpose either the TIE paper or the Quantum paper onto this blog.  But I'll need to get someone to do that for me and - so far - have not found the right person.

Kindest regards,

Rosemary